Universal 1510: Direct object (two-place verb) > Direct object (bitransitive verb) > Coargument NP > Non-coargument NP > NP in a non-finite subordinate clause > NP in a finite subordinate clause.

Universal 1510: Direct object (two-place verb) > Direct object (bitransitive verb) > Coargument NP > Non-coargument NP > NP in a non-finite subordinate clause > NP in a finite subordinate clause.

Original

Hierarchy of reflexive position:
Direct object (two-place verb) > Direct object (bitransitive verb) > Coargument NP > Non-coargument NP > NP in a non-finite subordinate clause > NP in a finite subordinate clause.

(i) If a pronoun is bound in positions X and Y, it is also bound in all intermediate positions between X and Y.
(ii) If a pronoun is free in positions X and Y, it is also free in all interdmediate positions.
(iii) If a reflexive pronoun A is morphologically complex than a reflexive pronoun B, the positions in which A occurs cannot be to the right of the positions in which A occurs.
(iv) If a non-syntactic (i.e. logophoric or emphatic) use of a reflexive pronoun is available in a position X, it is available in all positions to the right of X.

Standardized

IF a pronoun is bound in positions X and Y, THEN it is also bound in all intermediate positions between X and Y.
IF a pronoun is free in positions X and Y, THEN it is also free in all interdmediate positions.
IF a reflexive pronoun A is morphologically complex than a reflexive pronoun B, THEN the positions in which A occurs cannot be to the right of the positions in which A occurs.
IF a non-syntactic (i.e. logophoric or emphatic) use of a reflexive pronoun is available in a position X, THEN it is available in all positions to the right of X.

Keywords

reflexive

Domain

inflection, syntax

Type

implicational hierarchy

Status

achronic

Quality

absolute?

Basis

English, Norwegian (both Germanic), Russian (Slavic), Marathi (Indic), Northern Pomo (Hokan), Daghestanian (= East Caucasian) languages, including Avar (Avar), Tsakhur (Lezgian), Godoberi (Andian), and others.

Source

Testelec & Toldova 1998: 53; a similar hierarchy was first outlined by Manzini & Wexler 1987, cf. its later version in Dalrymple 1993

Counterexamples

Bamana (Mande, Niger-Congo) (Vydrin 1999)