Universal 1635: productive noun-incorporation ⇒ head-marking

Universal 1635: productive noun-incorporation ⇒ head-marking

Original

Languages with productive noun incorporation must be of the head-marking type.

Standardized

IF there is productive noun incorporation, THEN there will be head-marking.

Keywords

noun incorporation, head-marking

Domain

morphology, syntax

Type

implication

Status

achronic

Quality

statistical

Basis

Polysynthetic languages like Mohawk (Iroquoian), Nahuatl (Uto-Aztecan), Kiowa (Kiowa- Tanoan), Gunwinjguan (Gunwingguan, Australian), Wichita (Caddoan), Chukchi (Chukchi-Kamchatkan), Ainu (isolate). Non-polysynthetic languages like Greenlandic (Eskimo-Aleut), Lakhota (Siouan), Slave (Athabaskan), Alamblak (Sepik-Ramu), Chichewa (Bantoid, Niger-Congo), Choctaw (Muskogean)

Source

Baker 1996: 282

Counterexamples