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Universal 4:

Posted in Universals Archive

Universal 4:

Original
If the exponent of vocative is a prefix, then this prefix has arisen from 1st person possessor or a 2nd person subject.
Standardized
IF the exponent of vocative is a prefix, THEN this marker has been reanalysed from a 1st person possessor marker on nouns or a 2nd person subject marker on verbs.
Keywords
case, vocative, prefix, possessor, person, 1st, 2nd
Domain
inflection
Type
target < source
Status
diachronic
Quality
absolute
Basis
mainly based on a survey of Nootkan languages (Almosan), but also on a sampling of vocative forms in other langugaes, and is assumed to be valid generally
Source
Jacobsen 1994: 34
Counterexamples

One Comment

  1. FP
    FP

    To rephrase it without If-Then:The only source of vocative prefixes are 1st person possessor or 2nd person subject markers, while vocative suffixes presumably have other sources, perhaps including 1st/2nd person markers.

    1. May 2020

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