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Universal 46:

Posted in Universals Archive

Universal 46:

Original
When objects are marked differently depending on whether or not they are definite, or on whether or not they are animate/human, it will always be the definite and (more) animate/human object which bears the morphological marker, while the indefinite and (more) inanimate/nonhuman object will be unmarked, and never the other way round.
Standardized
IF indefinite or less animate objects are morphologically marked, THEN definite or more animate objects will also be morphologically marked, provided there is a marking alternation for objects in terms of definiteness and animacy.
Keywords
direct object, definite, animate, human, case
Domain
inflection, syntax
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
absolute
Basis
languages surveyed in Lazard 1984, Lazard 1995, Lazard 1998
Source
Lazard 1984: 282, Lazard 1995: 186, Lazard 1998: 219-221
Counterexamples

One Comment

  1. FP
    FP

    1. Cf. ##12, 488, 1284.2. See the scale of definiteness and humanness in Lazard 1984: 283.

    1. May 2020

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