Skip to content

Universal 937:

Posted in Universals Archive

Universal 937:

Original
No language has nasal vowels unless it also has one or more primary nasal consonants.
Standardized
IF there are nasal vowels, THEN there is at least one primary nasal consonant.
Keywords
consonant, nasal, vowel
Domain
phonology
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
absolute
Basis
languages in Ferguson 1963
Source
Ferguson 1963: 58 (X), Jakobson 1963: 265, cited in Uspensky 1965: 193
Counterexamples
317-languages sample (UPSID; Maddieson 1984): 97% of the languages are found to have simple nasal consonants; 22,4% of the languages are found to have nasalized vowels: less than 1% of the languages are found to have nasalized continuant consonants (fricatives, liquids and glides). Thus, if nasalized continuants are much rarer than nasalized vowels, the claim of Ferguson should be rejected (Cohn 1993a: 330-331).

One Comment

  1. FP
    FP

    1. A Primary Nasal Consonant (PNC) is a phoneme of which the most characteristic allophone is a voiced nasal stop, that is, a sound produced by a complete oral stoppage (e.g., apical, labial), velic opening, and vibration of the vocal cords. A nasal vowel (NV) is a phoneme the most characteristic allophone of which has oral and velic opening and vibration of the vocal cords. (Ferguson 1963: 56, 58)

    1. May 2020

Comments are closed.