Universal 403:

Universal 403:

Original

If a construction involves a free and a bound constituent which convey the same meaning and one of them is optional, it is always the free form that is optional and never the bound one.

Standardized

If a construction involves a free and a bound constituent which convey the same meaning and one of them is optional, it is always the free form that is optional and never the bound one.

Keywords

optionality

Domain

inflection, syntax

Type

no genuine implication; rather: provided that

Status

achronic

Quality

absolute

Basis

Hungarian (Ugric, Uralic)

Source

Moravcsik 1994a: 45

Counterexamples