Author: FP

Universal 43: Original New (not borrowed) case forms enter the nominal morphology through the affixation of adpositions, but such a development is possible only if…

Universal 44: Original Standardized Assuming that grammatical relations are ordered from left to right according to their decreasing semantic concreteness and correspondingly increasing grammaticalization as…

Universal 45: verb agrees with attributive ⇒ verb agrees with Oblique Object ⇒ verb agrees with Indirect Object ⇒ verb agrees with Direct Object ⇒…

Universal 46: Original When objects are marked differently depending on whether or not they are definite, or on whether or not they are animate/human, it…

Universal 47: Original Nominal predicate complements are more likely than adjectival and participial predicate complements not to agree in case with the noun phrase (NP)…

Universal 48: Original The noun phrase (NP) internal distribution of case between head noun and any agreeing constituents is determined by dominance relations defined on…

Universal 49: Original Case and number agreement of attributive adjectives are determined independently: number agreement is controlled by head nouns; case is distributed among the…

Universal 51: Original In agreement of governors (verbs, adpositions, possessum noun phrases) with dependent NPs (NP external agreement), except those NPs bearing a concrete semantic…

Universal 52: Original No target may agree in both case and person. Standardized IF a target agrees in case, THEN it will not agree in…

Universal 73: N Dem ⇒ N A; equivalently: A N ⇒ Dem N Original If the demonstrative determiner follows the noun, then the adjective follows…