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Universal 73: N Dem ⇒ N A;
equivalently: A N ⇒ Dem N

Posted in Universals Archive

Universal 73: N Dem ⇒ N A;
equivalently: A N ⇒ Dem N

Original
If the demonstrative determiner follows the noun, then the adjective follows the noun.
Standardized
IF the demonstrative determiner follows the noun, THEN the adjective follows the noun.

OR, BY CONTRAPOSITION:
IF the adjective precedes the noun, THEN the demonstrative determiner precedes the noun.

Keywords
order, noun, demonstrative, adjective
Domain
syntax
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
statistical (according to author absolute)
Basis
sample of 350 languages in Hawkins 1983
Source
Hawkins 1983: 82
Counterexamples
A N & N Dem: Tojolabal and Tzotzil (both Mayan) (Pickett 1983: 543).Berbice Dutch Creole; Mangbetu (C. Sudanic, Nilo-Saharan) [but see Comments], the latter is also a language with A N & N Num (Rijkhoff 1992: 257). Gbaya Kaka, Nzakara, Gbeya Bossangoa, Sango, Linda (all Adamawa-Ubangian, Niger-Congo); Majang (Surmic, Nilo-Saharan), Kresh (Bongo-Bagirmi, Nilo-Saharan); Gude (Biu-Mandara, Chadic, Afroasiatic), Hausa, Pa’anci (West Chadic, Afroasiatic), Chaha (Semitic, Afroasiatic); Lahu (Burmic, Sino-Tibetan)[but see Comments], Dafla (Tibetic, Sino-Tibetan)[but see Comments]; Central Agta (Philippine Austronesian); Nisgha, Coast Tsimshian (Tsimshianic); Jakaltek (Mayan) (Dryer 1989: 272, 2000).

One Comment

  1. FP
    FP

    1. Dryer 2000 no longer classifies Dafla (=Nishi) as AN & NDem, but as AN & DemN/NDem. In fact the typical structure is DemNDem, with two co-occurring demonstrative words. Also, closer examination of Lahu shows it to be AN/NA, not AN. Dryer classifies Mangbetu as NA, not AN.2. Cf. ##57, 114. 3. Since the 1990s Hawkins has proposed alternative explanations of his universals (see e.g. Hawkins 1993: 234).

    1. May 2020

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