Category: Universals Archive

Universal 1759: Original Vowels are shorter before voiceless obstruents than before voiced obstruents or sonorants. Standardized Vowels are shorter before voiceless obstruents than before voiced…

Universal 1775: Original See IPA. Standardized IF nasalized /i/ lowers to nasalized /e/, THEN nasalized /e/ also lowers to nasalized /a/. Keywords nasal, lowering, vowel…

Universal 1791: ’σσσ# ⇒ ’σσ# ⇒ ’σ# Original Nasalization will be phonologized first on oxytone vowels before nasals, subsequently on penultimate stressed vowels and then…

Universal 1807: Original The presence of a voiceless dental-alveolar ejective stop [”t‘”] in a language implies the presence of a voiceless velar ejective stop [k‘].…

Universal 1823: Original Standardized IF there is a labialized voiceless uvular ejective stop, THEN there is a voiceless uvular ejective stop. Keywords stop, uvular, ejective,…

Universal 1839: Original Standardized IF there is a voiceless palatal nasal, THEN there is also a voiceless bilabial nasal. Keywords nasal, palatal, bilabial, voice Domain…

Universal 1855: Original Consonantality of a neighboring sound has the effect of changing a nonlateral into a lateral whereas the nonconsonantality has the reverse effect…

Universal 1871: Original It holds as a strong statistical implication that whenever there is a 1st person exclusive dual there is also a 1st person…

Universal 1887: Original The Cleftability Hierarchy:Subject > Direct Object > Indirect Object > Oblique NP > Genitive NP > Object of Comparison. Syntactic positions on…

Universal 1903: Original Pure and mixed separatist languages prefer agglutinative morphology and free word order. Standardized IF a language is of the pure or the…