Month: May 2020

Universal 825: Original If a language places relative pronouns that are not interrogative in form in initial position in postnominal relative clauses, then either that…

Universal 824: initial relative pronoun (RelCl) ⇒ ¬personal pronoun of the same NP Original If a relative clause contains an initial relative pronoun, it does…

Universal 823: Original If postnominal relative clauses contain a distinctive verbal affix, the verb appears in clause-initial position. Standardized IF postnominal relative clauses contain a…

Universal 822: correlative ⇒ verb-final; Original Correlatives are limited to verb-final languages, and in fact, are largely limited to “loose” verb-final ones, namely which permit…

Universal 821: Rel N ⇒ gapping Original While both prenominal and postnominal relative clauses may be formed by gapping, gapping is the overwhelmingly dominant mode…

Universal 820: Rel N ⇒ ¬ relative pronoun;N Rel ⇒ personal pronoun/relative pronoun Original Prenominal relative clauses never use relative pronouns and only sporadically present…

Universal 819: glottalized ⇒ aspirated ⇒ unaspirated Original Normal hierarchy of increasing markedness in consonants: unaspirated ⇒ aspirated ⇒ glottalized. Standardized IF there are glottalized…

Universal 818: Original Standardized Normal hierarchy of increasing markedness in vowels: /E / ⇒ /a/ ⇒ /e/ ⇒ /i/ ⇒ /ü/ ⇒ /ö/ ⇒ /œ…

Universal 817: Original Voiced > voiceless neutralization takes place most commonly in final position and never intervocally. Standardized IF voiced > voiceless neutralization occurs in…

Universal 816: Original Diphthongs exist only in languages which have or had long vowels. Standardized IF there are diphthongs, THEN there are or were long…