Universal 817:

Universal 817:

Original

Voiced > voiceless neutralization takes place most commonly in final position and never intervocally.

Standardized

IF voiced > voiceless neutralization occurs in positions other than final, THEN it will occur in final position.
Voiced > voiceless neutralization never occurs intervocally.

Keywords

voice, neutralization, intervocalic

Domain

phonology

Type

implication

Status

achronic

Quality

statistical

Basis

languages in Ferguson 1963

Source

Ferguson 1963, cited in Décsy 1987: 77

Counterexamples

Italian, Spanish (both Indo-European), Finnish (Uralic), Japanese (Japanese-Ryukyuan), and Chinese (Sino-Tibetan).