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Universal 61: Standard-marker-adjective ⇒ postpositions;
Adjective-marker-standard ⇒ prepositions

Posted in Universals Archive

Universal 61: Standard-marker-adjective ⇒ postpositions;
Adjective-marker-standard ⇒ prepositions

Original
If in comparisons of superiority the only order, or one of the alternative orders, is standard – marker – adjective, then the language is postpositional. With overwhelmingly more than chance frequency if the only order is adjective – marker – standard, the language is prepositional.
Standardized
IF in comparisons of superiority the only order, or one of the alternative orders, is Standard – Marker – Adjective, THEN there are postpositions;
IF the only order is Adjective – Marker – Standard, THEN there are prepositions.
Keywords
order, adjective, comparison, postposition, preposition
Domain
syntax
Type
implication
Status
achronic
Quality
one part absolute, the other statistical
Basis
30 languages of Greenberg 1963 sample
Source
Greenberg 1963: 89, #22
Counterexamples
Standard – Marker – A, but prepositions: Tepehua (Uto-Aztecan) (Pickett 1983: 542).St-M-A & Prepositions: Nkonya, Ewe (Kwa); Koyraboro Senni Songhay (Songhay, Nilo-Saharan); Hungarian (Ugric, Uralic); Sema, Lakher (Kuki-Chin-Naga, Tibeto-Burman); Ungarinjin (Wororan, Australian); Cree (Algonquian); Cherokee (Iroquoian); Northern Tepehuan (Tepiman, Uto-Aztecan) (Dryer 2000)

One Comment

  1. FP
    FP

    1. To illustrate from English: old-er than Methuselah [Adj-Marker-Standard].Actually, English has a couple of what arguably are POSTpositions: ’s (“genitive”), ago.2. See also #1348, which has the ordering of A, Marker, Standard as an implicatum of VO/VO. ##55 and 491 have prepositions/postpositions also as implicata of VO/OV, which by transitiviy allows a direct linking.

    1. May 2020

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