Universal 73: N Dem ⇒ N A;
equivalently: A N ⇒ Dem N
- Original
- If the demonstrative determiner follows the noun, then the adjective follows the noun.
- Standardized
- IF the demonstrative determiner follows the noun, THEN the adjective follows the noun.
OR, BY CONTRAPOSITION:
IF the adjective precedes the noun, THEN the demonstrative determiner precedes the noun. - Keywords
- order, noun, demonstrative, adjective
- Domain
- syntax
- Type
- implication
- Status
- achronic
- Quality
- statistical (according to author absolute)
- Basis
- sample of 350 languages in Hawkins 1983
- Source
- Hawkins 1983: 82
- Counterexamples
- A N & N Dem: Tojolabal and Tzotzil (both Mayan) (Pickett 1983: 543).Berbice Dutch Creole; Mangbetu (C. Sudanic, Nilo-Saharan) [but see Comments], the latter is also a language with A N & N Num (Rijkhoff 1992: 257). Gbaya Kaka, Nzakara, Gbeya Bossangoa, Sango, Linda (all Adamawa-Ubangian, Niger-Congo); Majang (Surmic, Nilo-Saharan), Kresh (Bongo-Bagirmi, Nilo-Saharan); Gude (Biu-Mandara, Chadic, Afroasiatic), Hausa, Pa’anci (West Chadic, Afroasiatic), Chaha (Semitic, Afroasiatic); Lahu (Burmic, Sino-Tibetan)[but see Comments], Dafla (Tibetic, Sino-Tibetan)[but see Comments]; Central Agta (Philippine Austronesian); Nisgha, Coast Tsimshian (Tsimshianic); Jakaltek (Mayan) (Dryer 1989: 272, 2000).
1. Dryer 2000 no longer classifies Dafla (=Nishi) as AN & NDem, but as AN & DemN/NDem. In fact the typical structure is DemNDem, with two co-occurring demonstrative words. Also, closer examination of Lahu shows it to be AN/NA, not AN. Dryer classifies Mangbetu as NA, not AN.2. Cf. ##57, 114. 3. Since the 1990s Hawkins has proposed alternative explanations of his universals (see e.g. Hawkins 1993: 234).