Universals Archive
A database of proposed crosslinguistic laws and tendencies in grammar across the world’s languages. 2,029 published entries.
2,017 entries · page 37 of 41
| # | Standardized / Original | Domain | Type | Keywords |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1817 | IF there is a voiceless dental-alveolar sibilant ejective affricate, THEN there is a voiceless velar ejective stop. | phonology | implication | stop, affricate, dental-alveolar, velar, ejective, sibilant, voice |
| 1818 | IF there is a nasalized high back rounded vowel, THEN there is a high back rounded vowel. | phonology | implication | vowel, nasal, high, back, round |
| 1819 | IF there is a labialized voiceless uvular fricative, THEN there is a also voiceless uvular fricative. | phonology | implication | fricative, labial, uvular, voice |
| 1820 | IF there is a voiceless dental-alveolar sibilant ejective affricate, THEN there is a voiceless dental-alveolar sibilant fricative. | phonology | implication | fricative, dental-alveolar, sibilant, ejective, affricate, voice |
| 1821 | IF there is a voiceless dental-alveolar sibilant ejective affricate, THEN there is a voiced dental-alveolar nasal. | phonology | implication | affricate, nasal, dental-alveolar, sibilant, ejective, voice |
| 1822 | IF there is a labialized voiceless uvular ejective stop, THEN there is a labialized voiceless uvular fricative. | phonology | implication | stop, fricative, labial, uvular, ejective, voice |
| 1823 | IF there is a labialized voiceless uvular stop, THEN there is a voiceless uvular stop. | phonology | implication | stop, labial, uvular, voice |
| 1824 | IF there is a labialized voiceless uvular ejective stop, THEN there is a labialized voiceless velar ejective stop. | phonology | implication | stop, labial, uvular, velar, ejective, voice |
| 1825 | IF there is a labialized voiceless uvular stop, THEN there is a labialized voiceless velar stop. | phonology | implication | stop, labial, uvular, velar, voice |
| 1826 | IF there is a labialized voiceless uvular ejective stop, THEN there is a labialized voiceless velar fricative. | phonology | implication | stop, fricative, labial, uvular, velar, ejective, voice |
| 1827 | IF there is a labialized voiceless uvular ejective stop, THEN there is a voiceless uvular fricative. | phonology | implication | stop, fricative, labial, uvular, ejective, voice |
| 1828 | IF there is a labialized voiceless uvular ejective stop, THEN there is a voiceless uvular ejective stop. | phonology | implication | stop, uvular, ejective, labial, voice |
| 1829 | IF there is a voiced pharyngeal fricative, THEN there is a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. | phonology | implication | fricative, pharyngeal, voice |
| 1830 | IF there is a nasalized high back rounded vowel, THEN there is a high front unrounded vowel. | phonology | implication | vowel, nasal, high, front round |
| 1831 | IF basic word order is SOV, THEN modifiers tend to come before nouns, most likely in nominalizations and with continuously decreasing likelihood with possessives, with relative clauses, and with attributive adjectives. | syntax | implication | order, SOV, verb, subject, object, nominalization, noun, modifier, possessive, adjective, relative clause |
| 1832 | IF a relative clause or adjective precedes the noun, THEN possessives also precede the noun. | syntax | implication | order, noun, modifier, possessive, adjective, relative clause |
| 1833 | IF there is a prenasalized labialized voiced velar stop, THEN there is also a prenasalized voiced velar stop. | phonology | implication | stop, velar, labial, prenasalized, voice |
| 1834 | IF there is a prenasalized labialized voiced velar stop, THEN there is also a prenasalized voiced bilabial stop. | phonology | implication | stop, velar, bilabial, labial, prenasalized, voice |
| 1835 | IF there is a laryngealized voiced palatal approximant, THEN there is also a glottal stop. | phonology | implication | stop, approximant, palatal, glottal, laryngeal, voice |
| 1836 | IF there is a laryngealized voiced labial-velar approximant, THEN there is also a glottal stop. | phonology | implication | stop, approximant, labial-velar, glottal, laryngeal, voice |
| 1837 | IF there is a breathy voiced bilabial stop, THEN there is also a breathy voiced velar stop. | phonology | implication | stop, bilabial, velar, breathy, voice |
| 1838 | IF there is a voiceless palatal approximant, THEN there is also a voiceless labial-velar approximant. | phonology | implication | approximant, palatal, labial-velar, voice |
| 1839 | IF there is a voiceless dental-alveolar nasal, THEN there is also a voiceless bilabial nasal. | phonology | implication | nasal, dental-alveolar, bilabial, voice |
| 1840 | IF there is a voiceless velar nasal, THEN there is also a voiceless bilabial nasal. | phonology | implication | nasal, velar, bilabial, voice |
| 1841 | IF there is a voiceless alveolar lateral ejective affricate, THEN there is also a voiceless alveolar sibilant ejective affricate. | phonology | implication | affricate, lateral, alveolar, sibilant, ejective, voice |
| 1842 | IF there is a voiced palatal affricate, THEN there is also a voiceless palatal affricate. | phonology | implication | affricate, palatal, voice |
| 1843 | IF there is a breathy voiced velar stop, THEN there is also a voiceless aspirated velar stop. | phonology | implication | stop, velar, breathy voice, aspirated |
| 1844 | IF there is a voiceless palatal nasal, THEN there is also a voiceless bilabial nasal. | phonology | implication | nasal, palatal, bilabial, voice |
| 1845 | IF there is a long raised low front unrounded vowel, THEN there is also a long high back rounded vowel. | phonology | implication | vowel, round, high, low, long |
| 1846 | IF there is a palatalized voiceless dental-alveolar stop, THEN there is also a voiceless dental-alveolar stop. | phonology | implication | stop, dental-alveolar, palatalized, voice |
| 1847 | IF there is a long raised low front unrounded vowel, THEN there is also a long high front unrounded vowel. | phonology | implication | vowel, unrounded, low, high, front |
| 1848 | IF there is a long nasalized high front unrounded vowel, THEN there is also a long high front unrounded vowel. | phonology | implication | vowel, unrounded, high, front, nasalized |
| 1849 | IF there is a breathy voice bilabial stop, THEN there is also a voiceless aspirated bilabial stop. | phonology | implication | stop, bilabial, aspirated, breathy voice |
| 1850 | IF there is a breathy voice bilabial stop, THEN there is also a voiceless aspirated velar stop. | phonology | implication | stop, bilabial, velar, aspirated, breathy voice |
| 1851 | IF there is a voiced dental trill, THEN there is also a voiceless dental stop. | phonology | implication | stop, trill, dental, voice |
| 1852 | IF there is a breathy voice palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, THEN there is also a breathy voice velar stop. | phonology | implication | stop, affricate, palato-alveolar, velar, sibilant, breathy voice |
| 1853 | IF there is a laryngealized voiced alveolar stop, THEN there is also a laryngealized voiced bilabial stop. | phonology | implication | stop, alveolar, bilabial, laryngealized, voice |
| 1854 | IF there is laryngealized a voiced palatal approximant, THEN there is also the voiceless glottal fricative. | phonology | implication | approximant, fricative, palatal, glottal, laryngealized, voice |
| 1855 | Vowels tend to be lower preceding non-laterals (trills or flaps) than preceding other consonants. |
phonology | implication | consonant, liquid, nonlateral, trill, flap, vowel, phonotactics |
| 1856 | Vowels tend to be lower in the environment of a velarized lateral than in other environments. |
phonology | implication | consonant, liquid, lateral, velarization, vowel, phonotactics |
| 1857 | When a vowel is adjacent to a nonlateral, it will be centralized or backed. | phonology | no genuine implication; rather: provided that | liquid, nonlateral, centralization, back, vowel |
| 1858 | When a vowel is adjacent to a lateral, it will be fronted. | phonology | no genuine implication; rather: provided that | liquid, lateral, front, vowel |
| 1859 | Languages tend to have laterals after grave consonants and nonlaterals after acute. | phonology | no genuine implication; rather: provided that | liquid, lateral, acute, grave, consonant, vowel |
| 1860 | Consonantality of a neighboring sound has the effect of changing a nonlateral into a lateral whereas nonconsonantality has the reverse effect of changing a lateral into a nonlateral. | phonology | unconditional | liquid, lateral, consonantality, consonant |
| 1861 | The consonantality of a neighboring sound has the effect of changing a nontrill (flap or tap) into a trill whereas a neighboring nonconsonantal sound has the reverse effect of changing a trill into a nontrill. | phonology | unconditional | liquid, trill, tap, flap, consonantality, consonant |
| 1862 | A trill is found to occur in a stressed position, to denote emphasis, or in slow speech. As against this, a flap (or tap) occurs in unstressed position, and in non-emphatic or fast speech. | phonology | unconditional | liquid, trill, tap, flap, stress, consonant |
| 1863 | A retroflexed flap (out-flap) and also other retroflexed consonants have a retroflexing or centralizing influence on a preceding rather than following segment. | phonology | unconditional | liquid, flap, retroflexion, centralization, consonant |
| 1864 | The alveolar and retroflex stops generally tend to become taps and flaps intervocalically. | phonology | unconditional | liquid, stop, tap, flap, retroflex |
| 1865 | The liquids tend to become devoiced in the final and also in initial position. They further become spirantized especially in initial position. | phonology | unconditional | liquid, devoicing, spirantization |
| 1866 | IF nasalization and nasal deletion occur in the context of high vowels, THEN it will have already occurred in the context of mid vowels. IF nasalization and nasal deletion occur in the context of mid vowels, THEN it will have already occurred in the context of low vowels. |
phonology | implicational hierarchy | nasalization, nasal deletion, vowel, low, high, mid |